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Convoy ON 127
Convoy ON-127 was a trade convoy of merchant ships during the second World War. It was the 127th of the numbered series of ON convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America and the only North Atlantic trade convoy of 1942 or 1943 where all U-boats deployed against the convoy launched torpedoes.〔Rohwer&Hummelchen 1992 p.161〕 The ships departed Liverpool on 4 September 1942〔Hague 2000 p.158〕 and were met at noon on 5 September〔 by the Royal Canadian Navy Mid-Ocean Escort Force Group C-4 consisting of the Canadian River class destroyer ''Ottawa'' and the Town class destroyer ''St. Croix'' with the Flower class corvettes ''Amherst'', ''Arvida'', ''Sherbrooke'', and ''Celandine''.〔Milner 1985 p.289〕 ''St. Croix''s commanding officer, acting Lieutenant Commander A. H. "Dobby" Dobson RCNR, was the senior officer of the escort group.〔 The Canadian ships carried type 286 meter-wavelength radar but none of their sets were operational.〔Blair 1998 p.30〕 ''Celandine'' carried Type 271 centimeter-wavelength radar.〔 None of the ships carried HF/DF high-frequency direction finding sets.〔
==Background==
As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the second happy time, Admiral Karl Dönitz, the ''Befehlshaber der U-Boote'' (''BdU'') or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search the area with the advantage of intelligence gained through ''B-Dienst'' decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.〔Tarrant p.108〕 However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.〔Hague pp.132, 137-138, 161-162, 164, 181〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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